Semantic of computers

            - ID DE – Integrated Development and Debugging Environment;

            - PE RT – Project Evolution and Review Technique.

      We can also notice usage of the other mathematical symbols on computer language terminology. We can use mathematical symbol “+” instead of conjunction, for example: R+S (Reset-Start) – name of order – reduce to zero. Thus, existence of such kind of abbreviations in English and Russian terminology of computer language is not accidental: there is a great influence of mathematics and mathematical methods of written symbols on formation of graphic abbreviations. Such abbreviations make sublanguage of computer language and its terminology more distinct for the specialists, and also comfortable while making up programs for computer machines. Special system of computer language terminology forms its sublanguage that is one of the kinds of scientific style.

      Is should be very important to underline that one of the characteristics of English scientific language is its compression that lead to usage of a lot of lingual resources, and enlarged pr depositive definition of noun that got different names in scientific investigations: wide – spread attributive construction, attributive group, chain, left – definition and others. However, the essence of the given phenomenon does not change whatever it could be named.

      Let’s consider the points of view of some investigators as to enlarge provocative definition of the term. Thus, Ileich B.A. considers the size of provocative attributive phrase might be large since in modern English language everything that can be found in middle of the article (Definite and indefinite) and defined substantive (noun) is considered to be its attribute. It should also be pointed out that such terms are specifically subject to written speech but not to oral. 
 
 

2.3 Formation of computer terms by metaphorical transference. 

      Metaforization as a method of forming computer terms usually concerns widely spread (computer) on the basic of resemblance of their signs.

      There are widely used the following methods of metaphorical transference in the computer terminology:

  1 metaphorical re – comprehension on the basis of function resemblance. For example, filter n. and also filter v. (noise, accidental discharge data), conductor, commentator (in the network: device of two or more appliances, compare with initial meaning: devise used in telecommunication joining telephone lines by hand).

      There are also known case of transference based on the model “man – apparatus” in technology, for example, calculator, cultivator, loader and many others. It is quite curious that this model correspond to the model “man – program” (or element of the program) in computer terminology, for example: editor (text, graphical), conductor, guide (denomination of programming element in Windows 95). In such cases, the program as though performs the same function as man does. But the matter with terms – titles of the programs, programs elements like “translation” are otherwise. The matter is that such terms contain in themselves distinct inner form: given applied program – appendix is used in practicular for translation. Functional metaforization is precisely observed in the terms such as “translator” and expressiveness reduces to a minimum.

      Associated nomenclatural program titles such as accountant (program used for elaboration and fulfillment of accountant records, accounts). Doctor Beb (program for struggle with viruses and treatment from them) (compare also aids test – antivirus program; lexicon – title of Russian text editor) stand by themselves. High degree of figurativeness in most cases retains in such nomenclatural signs.

      Model “apparatus (device, appliance) – of the program)” shows the productivity. For example, analyze (algorithm performing analysis of initial program, and also the program of grammatical analysis; compare name of different devices which help to do the analysis of substances and phenomena, ad etc. “gas analyzer”), filter (program preventing penetration to database program or system of some data, compare: device used for purifying liquids or gases from unnecessary solid elements, admixtures and etc), compare also switch (in programming: “argument accepting automatically or as to programmer’s order meaning “on” or “off” and used for the selection of one of the alternative algorithm branches of tasks solution”; initial meaning “device for switching of something”).

      Terms built up as top the model of “apparatus (device)” – apparatus (appliance, technical component) are usually can be met, for example: commentator (in the network: device for communication (connection) of two or more appliances, compare in telecommunication: devise used for connection of telephone lines by hand), accumulator (external accumulating devise for keeping data, initial meaning: appliance, apparatus allowing to accumulate, collect something), inspector (specialized processor designed for managing of external device – accumulator, display, printer and etc., initial meaning: devise used for handing of electric engine work in trolleybuses, tramways, electric locomotives, lifts, and etc.), accelerator (special device of computer designed for performing of some operations of the central processor that allow to increase computer productivity, initial meaning: “device, appliance, machine designed for acceleration of any process, motion”). Such kind of model is widely spread in terminological sphere of computer techniques, whereas two preceding models “man – program” and “apparatus – program” are referred to another sphere – programming.

      There are some other entries in the sphere of informatics and programming terminology system except for technical (disquieted, disks, memory); from linguistics: syntax (language programming, commands, functions call), prefix, prefixation, suffixation (in programming); from logic: condition (in programming) and etc.

      Here we will talk about so – called endogenous borrowing that testify interdependence, integration of different terminological systems.

      Re – specialization is observed in the endogenous borrowings, if in the case of re - comprehension of commonly used word, so – called terminology takes place, i.e. its transference from one terminological system to another. In the first case (terminology) transference of denomination is done to the model “commonly used word – term” and in the second (re - specialization) – “term of the terminological system A – term in the terminological system B”.

      There are also some cases where “2” has purely mathematical denotation – “squared”, i.e. literal indication of a number that should be squared. It concerns abovementioned M2 (Miller - squared).

      It is interesting to know that method has found its implication in linguistic much earlier. It can be applied in systems familiar with duplication, for example, in Indo – European language orang2 means (people), buah2 an – buah – buahan (fruits).

         There are also some cases where “2” has purely mathematical denotation – “squared”, i.e. literal indication of a number that should be squared. It concerns above-mentioned M2  (Miller – squared).

       It is interesting to know that method has found its implication in linguistic much earlier. It can be applied in systems familiar with duplication, for example, in Indo – European language orang2 means (people), buah2 an – buah – buahan (fruits).

      Among English graphical terms of computer language widely spread type of abbreviations united by sign and denoting copulative conjunction and such abbreviations were called conjunctives. For example:

            - OC – Operation and Checkout;

            - RD – Research and Development

            - DCAS – Digital Control and Automatic Systems;

            - E EM AC – Electrical and Electronically Manufactures in Canada;

            - CAD D – Computer – aided Design and Drafting;

            - C CIA – Computer – aided Design and Drafting;

            - C CIA – Computer and Communications Industry Associations;

            - CM VC – Configuration Management and Version Control;

            - D IP – Document and Image Processing;

            - DSS SL – Document Style Semantics and Specification Languages;

            - IS IS – Intelligent Scheduling and Information System;

            - ID DE – Integrated Development and Debugging Environment;

            - PE RT – Project Evolution and Review Technique.

      We can also notice usage of the other mathematical symbols on computer language terminology. We can use mathematical symbol “+” instead of conjunction, for example: R+S (Reset-Start) – name of order – reduce to zero. Thus, existence of such kind of abbreviations in English and Russian terminology of computer language is not accidental: there is a great influence of mathematics and mathematical methods of written symbols on formation of graphic abbreviations. Such abbreviations make sublanguage of computer language and its terminology more distinct for the specialists, and also comfortable while making up programs for computer machines. Special system of computer language terminology forms its sublanguage that is one of the kinds of scientific style.

      Is should be very important to underline that one of the characteristics of English scientific language is its compression that lead to usage of a lot of lingual resources, and enlarged pr depositive definition of noun that got different names in scientific investigations: wide – spread attributive construction, attributive group, chain, left – definition and others. However, the essence of the given phenomenon does not change whatever it could be named.

      Let’s consider the points of view of some investigators as to enlarge provocative definition of the term. Thus, Ileich B.A. considers the size of provocative attributive phrase might be large since in modern English language everything that can be found in middle of the article (Definite and indefinite) and defined substantive (noun) is considered to be its attribute. It should also be pointed out that such terms are specifically subject to written speech but not to oral. 
 
 

      Metaforization as a method of forming computer terms usually concerns widely spread (computer) on the basic of resemblance of their signs.

      There are widely used the following methods of metaphorical transference in the computer terminology:

  1 metaphorical re – comprehension on the basis of function resemblance. For example, filter n. and also filter v. (noise, accidental discharge data), conductor, commentator (in the network: device of two or more appliances, compare with initial meaning: devise used in telecommunication joining telephone lines by hand).

      There are also known case of transference based on the model “man – apparatus” in technology, for example, calculator, cultivator, loader and many others. It is quite curious that this model correspond to the model “man – program” (or element of the program) in computer terminology, for example: editor (text, graphical), conductor, guide (denomination of programming element in Windows 95). In such cases, the program as though performs the same function as man does. But the matter with terms – titles of the programs, programs elements like “translation” are otherwise. The matter is that such terms contain in themselves distinct inner form: given applied program – appendix is used in practicular for translation. Functional metaforization is precisely observed in the terms such as “translator” and expressiveness reduces to a minimum.

      Associated nomenclatural program titles such as accountant (program used for elaboration and fulfillment of accountant records, accounts). Doctor Beb (program for struggle with viruses and treatment from them) (compare also aids test – antivirus program; lexicon – title of Russian text editor) stand by themselves. High degree of figurativeness in most cases retains in such nomenclatural signs.

      Model “apparatus (device, appliance) – of the program)” shows the productivity. For example, analyze (algorithm performing analysis of initial program, and also the program of grammatical analysis; compare name of different devices which help to do the analysis of substances and phenomena, ad etc. “gas analyzer”), filter (program preventing penetration to database program or system of some data, compare: device used for purifying liquids or gases from unnecessary solid elements, admixtures and etc), compare also switch (in programming: “argument accepting automatically or as to programmer’s order meaning “on” or “off” and used for the selection of one of the alternative algorithm branches of tasks solution”; initial meaning “device for switching of something”).

      Terms built up as top the model of “apparatus (device)” – apparatus (appliance, technical component) are usually can be met, for example: commentator (in the network: device for communication (connection) of two or more appliances, compare in telecommunication: devise used for connection of telephone lines by hand), accumulator (external accumulating devise for keeping data, initial meaning: appliance, apparatus allowing to accumulate, collect something), inspector (specialized processor designed for managing of external device – accumulator, display, printer and etc., initial meaning: devise used for handing of electric engine work in trolleybuses, tramways, electric locomotives, lifts, and etc.), accelerator (special device of computer designed for performing of some operations of the central processor that allow to increase computer productivity, initial meaning: “device, appliance, machine designed for acceleration of any process, motion”). Such kind of model is widely spread in terminological sphere of computer techniques, whereas two preceding models “man – program” and “apparatus – program” are referred to another sphere – programming.

      There are some other entries in the sphere of informatics and programming terminology system except for technical (disquieted, disks, memory); from linguistics: syntax (language programming, commands, functions call), prefix, prefixation, suffixation (in programming); from logic: condition (in programming) and etc.

      Here we will talk about so – called endogenous borrowing that testify interdependence, integration of different terminological systems.

      Re – specialization is observed in the endogenous borrowings, if in the case of re - comprehension of commonly used word, so – called terminology takes place, i.e. its transference from one terminological system to another. In the first case (terminology) transference of denomination is done to the model “commonly used word – term” and in the second (re - specialization) – “term of the terminological system A – term in the terminological system B”.

      There are also some cases where “2” has purely mathematical denotation – “squared”, i.e. literal indication of a number that should be squared. It concerns abovementioned M2 (Miller - squared).

      It is interesting to know that method has found its implication in linguistic much earlier. It can be applied in systems familiar with duplication, for example, in Indo – European language orang2 means (people), buah2 an – buah – buahan (fruits).

         There are also some cases where “2” has purely mathematical denotation – “squared”, i.e. literal indication of a number that should be squared. It concerns above-mentioned M2  (Miller – squared).

       It is interesting to know that method has found its implication in linguistic much earlier. It can be applied in systems familiar with duplication, for example, in Indo – European language orang2 means (people), buah2 an – buah – buahan (fruits).

      Among English graphical terms of computer language widely spread type of abbreviations united by sign and denoting copulative conjunction and such abbreviations were called conjunctives. For example:

            - OC – Operation and Checkout;

            - RD – Research and Development

            - DCAS – Digital Control and Automatic Systems;

            - E EM AC – Electrical and Electronically Manufactures in Canada;

            - CAD D – Computer – aided Design and Drafting;

            - C CIA – Computer – aided Design and Drafting;

            - C CIA – Computer and Communications Industry Associations;

            - CM VC – Configuration Management and Version Control;

            - D IP – Document and Image Processing;

            - DSS SL – Document Style Semantics and Specification Languages;

            - IS IS – Intelligent Scheduling and Information System;

            - ID DE – Integrated Development and Debugging Environment;

            - PE RT – Project Evolution and Review Technique.

      We can also notice usage of the other mathematical symbols on computer language terminology. We can use mathematical symbol “+” instead of conjunction, for example: R+S (Reset-Start) – name of order – reduce to zero. Thus, existence of such kind of abbreviations in English and Russian terminology of computer language is not accidental: there is a great influence of mathematics and mathematical methods of written symbols on formation of graphic abbreviations. Such abbreviations make sublanguage of computer language and its terminology more distinct for the specialists, and also comfortable while making up programs for computer machines. Special system of computer language terminology forms its sublanguage that is one of the kinds of scientific style.

      Is should be very important to underline that one of the characteristics of English scientific language is its compression that lead to usage of a lot of lingual resources, and enlarged pr depositive definition of noun that got different names in scientific investigations: wide – spread attributive construction, attributive group, chain, left – definition and others. However, the essence of the given phenomenon does not change whatever it could be named.

      Let’s consider the points of view of some investigators as to enlarge provocative definition of the term. Thus, Ileich B.A. considers the size of provocative attributive phrase might be large since in modern English language everything that can be found in middle of the article (Definite and indefinite) and defined substantive (noun) is considered to be its attribute. It should also be pointed out that such terms are specifically subject to written speech but not to oral. 
 

      Metaforization as a method of forming computer terms usually concerns widely spread (computer) on the basic of resemblance of their signs.

      There are widely used the following methods of metaphorical transference in the computer terminology:

  1 metaphorical re – comprehension on the basis of function resemblance. For example, filter n. and also filter v. (noise, accidental discharge data), conductor, commentator (in the network: device of two or more appliances, compare with initial meaning: devise used in telecommunication joining telephone lines by hand).

      There are also known case of transference based on the model “man – apparatus” in technology, for example, calculator, cultivator, loader and many others. It is quite curious that this model correspond to the model “man – program” (or element of the program) in computer terminology, for example: editor (text, graphical), conductor, guide (denomination of programming element in Windows 95). In such cases, the program as though performs the same function as man does. But the matter with terms – titles of the programs, programs elements like “translation” are otherwise. The matter is that such terms contain in themselves distinct inner form: given applied program – appendix is used in practicular for translation. Functional metaforization is precisely observed in the terms such as “translator” and expressiveness reduces to a minimum.