He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited.

Он не имеет права приходить и беспокоить вас и отца, если его не приглашают.

е) As  an adverbial   modifier  of condition  the gerund   is preceded by the preposition without

He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited.

Он не имеет права приходить и беспокоить вас и отца, если его не приглашают.

(f)  As an adverbial modifier   of cause the   gerund is used with prepositions for, for fear of, owing to

I feel the better myself for having spent a good deal of time abroad.

Я чувствую себя лучше оттого, что долго прожил за границей.

(g) As an adverbial   modifier of concession the gerund  is preceded by the preposition in spite of.           

In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her. 

12.PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE GERUND.

Like all the verbals the gerund can form predicative constructions, i.e. constructions in which the verbal element expressed by the gerund is in predicate relation to nominal element  expressed by a noun or pronoun.

I don't like your going off without any money. (Maltz) Мне не нравится, что вы уходите без денег.

Here the gerund going off is in predicate  relation   to the pronoun your, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the gerund. The nominal element of the construction  can  be  expressed   in different ways.

1.  If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:

(a) by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun

His further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard coming back to us in an excited state.

Его дальнейшие размышления были прерваны тем, что вернулся Ричард в чрезвычайно возбужденном состоянии.

(b) by a noun in common case

I have a distinct recollection of Bob always getting the good conduct prize!

Я отлично помню, что Bob  всегда получал награды за примерное поведение.

Occasionally examples   are   found   where   the  nominal   element of the construction is expressed by a pronoun in the objective case. I hope you will forgive me disturbing you. Надеюсь, вы простите меня за то, что я вас побеспокоил.

2. If the nominal element of the construction denotes a lifelggg. thing, it is expressed by a noun in the common case (such nouns, as a rule, are not used in the genitive case) or by a possessive pronoun.

I said  something   about  my   clock   being   slow. Я сказала, что мои часы отстают.

3   The nominal element of the construction can also be expressed by a  pronoun which has  no  case   distinctions,   such   as all, this, that, both, each, something.

I insist on both of them coming in time.

Я требую, чтобы они оба пришли вовремя.

A gerundial construction is nearly always rendered in Russian by a subordinate clause, generally introduced by то, что; тем, что; как, etc.

His being a foreigner, an ex-enemy was bad enough.  

To, что он был иностранец» бывший   неприятель,  было уже плохо.

Her  thoughts   were   interrupted   at  last,   by  the   door   opening   gently.

Ее мысли  были наконец  прерваны  тем, что   дверь   тихонько открылась. 

10. Participle

Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb, and participle II – by adding the suffix -ed to the stem of the regular verbs, while the irregular verbs have special forms of participle II. 

The functions of Participle I in the sentence.

Participle 1 may have different syntactic functions. 1.

Participle I as an attribute.

Participle I Indefinite Active can be used as an attribute; in this function it corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие.

The fence surrounding the garden is newly  painted

Забор, окружающий сад, недавно покрашен.

We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.

Мы любовались звездами, мерцавшими на небе.

Participles (1 и 2) as Adjectives

Past and present participles often function as adjectives that describe nouns. Here are some examples:

The crying baby drew a long breath and sucked in a spider crouching in the corner of the crib.

Which baby? The crying baby. Which spider? The one that was crouching in the corner.

The mangled pair of sunglasses, bruised face, broken arm, and bleeding knees meant Genette had taken another spill on her mountain bike.

Which pair of sunglasses? The mangled pair. Which face? The bruised one. Which arm? The broken one. Which knees? The bleeding ones.

Participles as Nouns

Present participles can function as nouns—the subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions, and subject complements in sentences. Whenever a present participle functions as a noun, you call it a gerund.

Take a look at these examples:

Sneezing exhausts Steve, who requires eight tissues and twenty-seven Gesundheits before he is done.

Sneezing = the subject of the verb exhausts.

Valerie hates cooking because scraping burnt gook out of pans always undermines her enjoyment of the food.

Cooking = the direct object of the verb hates.

We gave bungee jumping a chance.

Bungee jumping = indirect object of the verb gave.

Joelle bit her tongue instead of criticizing her prom date's powder blue tuxedo.

Criticizing = object of the preposition instead of.

Omar's least favorite sport is water-skiing because a bad spill once caused him to lose his swim trunks.

Water-skiing = the subject complement of the verb is. 

The functions of participle II in the sentence.

 

13. КОНСТРУКЦІЇ З PARTICIPLES

  1. The Objective Participial Construction

  The verbs of sense perception (feel, hear, notice, observe, perceive, see, watch, listen) and the verbs to have, to get are often followed by the objective participial construction, i.e. by a noun (in the common case) or a pronoun (in the objective case) and a participle, standing in predicate relation to each other. When translated into Russian, both parts of the construction correspond to the subject and predicate of a subordinate object clause.

  I heard him practising his violin. – Я слышал, как он играет на скрипке.

  The objective-with-the-infinitive construction is also used after these verbs, the only difference being that the construction with participles describes the action as being in progress, while the infinitive is used to denote a complete act.

  After the verbs to imagine, to smell, to look (at), to keep, to catch, to set, to start, to leave, to send the objective-with-the-infinitive construction is never used. The only possible construction after these verbs is the objective participial construction.

  I can smell dinner cooking. Please, help me to start these mechanisms working.

  When the subject of the participle is represented by a lifeless thing, the second part of the construction is expressed by participle II.

  I heard these words mentioned several times.

  After the verbs to make, to get, to like, to want the construction is used only with participle II.

  He soon made his presence felt. She wanted her pie heated.

  The objective participial construction with participle II, when used after the verb to have, has a special meaning, i.e. it expresses the idea of something done for the benefit of the person, expressed by the subject of the sentence.

  I had my room papered, i.e. somebody papered my room for me.

  In this case the subject of the participle is always represented by a noun expressing a lifeless thing.

  Note. – In colloquial English the verb to have may be substituted by to have got: He has got his country house painted inside and out.

2. The Subjective Participial Construction

  When the subject of the sentence and the participle stand in predicate relation to each other, they form the subjective participial construction. This construction is used when the predicate of the sentence is expressed by one of the verbs of sense perception in the passive voice.

  They were seen speaking to the head-teacher.

  This construction is parallel to the subjective infinitive construction. English sentences with these constructions correspond in Russian to complex sentences where the main clause is one-member and indefinite and the subordinate object clause has the subject corresponding to the subject of the English sentence and the predicate corresponding to the participle of the English sentence.

  The pilot could be heard singing. – Можно было слышать, как пилот поет.

  This construction is formed only with participle I of the active voice.

  It can be easily understood that any sentence containing as its part an objective participial construction may be transformed into a sentence with a subjective participial construction. But it should be borne in mind that sentences of the second type are used when the doer of the action expressed by the finite verb is relatively immaterial for the speaker and the  hearer.

  I saw him driving a car. He was seen driving a car.

3. The Absolute Participial Construction

  The participle which is used as an adverbial adjunct to any verb may be preceded by a noun (in the common case) or a pronoun (in the nominative case) functioning as its subject. The whole construction is used as one sentence-component: an adverbial modifier of time, reason, condition, manner or attendant circumstances, and is called the absolute participial construction. It is separated by a comma from the main part of the sentence. This construction is rendered in Russian by means of a corresponding adverbial clause.

  Her luggage registered, she went to the platform. (an adverbial modifier of time) – Когда ее багаж был зарегистрирован, она пошла на платформу. Our teacher having fallen ill, we had no English class. (an adverbial modifier of reason) – Так как наша преподавательница заболела, у нас не было занятия по английскому языку. The show being not very long, we shall be able to get to the Petrovs in good time. (an adverbial modifier of condition) – Если сеанс будет не очень длинным, мы сможем попасть к Петровым вовремя.

  When, however, functioning as an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances, this construction occupies in the majority of cases the end position in the sentence. In these cases it corresponds in Russian to the second part of a compound sentence (often introduced by the Russian conjunctions причем, a).

  We spent the summer in their cottage, they occupying the front room and we having the verandah at our disposal. (an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances) – Мы провели лето на даче, причем они занимали комнату, а мы имели в нашем распоряжении веранду.

  All forms of participle I are used in this construction as well as participle II.

  The absolute participial construction is literary rather than colloquial.

4. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction

  The subject of the participle, used as an adverbial adjunct to the predicate in the main part of the sentence, may be introduced by the preposition with. In this case the subject is expressed by a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. The noun (or pronoun) together with the preposition with and the participle form the so-called prepositional absolute participial construction. It is always separated from the main part of the sentence by a comma.

  This construction is used mostly as an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances. It is translated into Russian as the second part of a compound sentence.

  I remained silent, with my lips compressed tightly. – Я молчал, мои губы были крепко сжаты.

  Very seldom the construction may be used as an adverbial modifier of time. In this case it precedes the main part of the sentence.

  With the clock chiming seven times, she jumped out of bed and hurried to the kitchen. – Когда часы пробили семь раз, она вскочила с кровати и поспешила на кухню.